Hwaeom

From Encyclopedia of Buddhism
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hwaeomsa Temple, South Korea
Hwaeom
Hangul화엄
Hanja華嚴
Revised RomanizationHwa-eom
McCune–ReischauerHwaŏm

Hwaeom is the name of the Korean transmission of the Huayan school of East Asian Buddhism.

The Huayan/Hwaeom school had a lasting impact in Korea, where it was transmitted by Uisang (625-702), who had been a student of the Chinese Huayan master Zhiyan together with Fazang.[1]

After studying with Zhiyan in China, Uisang returned to Korea in 671, where he established the Hwaeom school and wrote various Hwaeom works, including a popular poem called the Beopseongge, also known as the Diagram of the Realm of Reality, which encapsulated the Huayan teaching.[2][3] In this effort, he was greatly aided by the influence of his friend Wonhyo, who also studied and drew on Huayan thought and is considered a key figure of Korean Hwaeom.[4] Wonhyo wrote a partial commentary on the Avataṃsaka Sūtra (the Hwaŏm-gyŏng so).[5] Another important Hwaôm figure was Chajang (d. between 650 and 655).[6]

After the passing of these early monks, the Hwaeom school eventually became the most influential tradition in the Silla Kingdom until the end of the kingdom.[7] Royal support allowed various Hwaeom monasteries to be constructed on all five of Korea's sacred mountains, and the tradition became the main force behind the unification of various Korean Buddhist cults, such as those of Manjushri, Maitreya and Amitabha.[7] Important figures include the Silla monk Pŏmsu who introduced the work of Chengguan to Korea in 799, and Sŭngjŏn, a disciple of Uisang.[8] Another important figure associated with Hwaôm was the literatus Ch’oe Ch’iwŏn. He is known for his biographies of Fazang and Uisang, along with other Huayan writings.[9] Towards of the end of Silla, Gwanhye of Hwaeomsa and Master Heuirang (875-927 CE) were the two most important figures. During this period Hwaeomsa and Haeinsa Temples formed two sub-sects of Hwaeom who disputed with each other on matters of doctrine.

The Hwaeom school remained the predominant doctrinal school in the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392).[10] An important figure of this time was Gyunyeo (923–973).[11][12] He is known for his commentary on Uisang's Diagram of the Realm of Reality.[13] He also unified the southern and northern factions of Hwaeomsa and Haeinsa. Korean Buddhism declined severely under the Confucian Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). All schools were forced to merge into one single school, which was dominated by the Seon (Korean Zen) tradition. Within the Seon school, Hwaeom thought would continue to play a strong role until modern times and various Hwaeom commentaries were written in the Joseon era.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ McBride, R.D.I. (2008). Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, p. 88. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  2. ↑ Hamar (2007), p. 227.
  3. ↑ McBride, R.D.I. (2008). Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, p. 91. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  4. ↑ McBride, R.D.I. (2008). Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, pp. 89, 93. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  5. ↑ McBride, R.D.I. (2008). Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, p. 94. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  6. ↑ McBride (II), Richard D.; Vermeersch, Sem (2012). Hwaom I: The Mainstream Tradition, p. 5. Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 McBride, R.D.I. (2008). Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, p. 109. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  8. ↑ McBride, R.D.I. (2008). Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, pp. 90, 95. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  9. ↑ McBride, R.D.I. (2008). Domesticating the Dharma: Buddhist Cults and the Hwaom Synthesis in Silla Korea, p. 101. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  10. ↑ Djun Kil Kim, 《The History of Korea: 2nd edition》, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610695828, p.9
  11. ↑ Pyong-jo Chong, 《History of Buddhism》, Jimoondang, 2007. ISBN 8988095243 p.83
  12. ↑ Madhusudan Sakya, 〈Current Perspectives in Buddhism: Buddhism today / issues&global dimensions〉, Cyber Tech Publications, 2011. ISBN 8178847337. p.108
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 McBride (II), Richard D.; Vermeersch, Sem (2012). Hwaom I: The Mainstream Tradition, p. 7. Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism.
This article includes content from Hwaeom on Wikipedia (view authors). License under CC BY-SA 3.0. Wikipedia logo
Retrieved from "https://encyclopediaofbuddhism.org/index.php?title=Hwaeom&oldid=100464"